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Strategies for Engineered Negligible Senescence (SENS) is the term coined by British biogerontologist Aubrey de Grey for the diverse range of regenerative medical therapies, either planned or currently in development,〔Research Themes (February 4, 2013). "http://www.sens.org/research/introduction-to-sens-research". ''SENS Research Foundation website''〕 for the periodical repair of all age-related damage to human tissue with the ultimate purpose of maintaining a state of negligible senescence in the patient, thereby postponing age-associated disease for as long as the therapies are reapplied.〔de Grey, Aubrey; Rae, Michael (September 2007). ''Ending Aging: The Rejuvenation Breakthroughs that Could Reverse Human Aging in Our Lifetime''. New York, NY: St. Martin's Press, 416 pp. ISBN 0-312-36706-6.〕 The term "negligible senescence" was first used in the early 1990s by professor Caleb Finch to describe organisms such as lobsters and hydras, which do not show symptoms of aging. The term "engineered negligible senescence" first appeared in print in Aubrey de Grey's 1999 book ''The Mitochondrial Free Radical Theory of Aging'',〔de Grey, Aubrey (November 2003). ''The Mitochondrial Free Radical Theory of Aging.'' Austin, Texas: Landes Bioscience. ISBN 1-58706-155-4.〕 and was later prefaced with the term "strategies" in the article ''Time to Talk SENS: Critiquing the Immutability of Human Aging''〔de Grey AD, Ames BN, Andersen JK, Bartke A, Campisi J, Heward CB, McCarter RJ, Stock G (April 2002). "(Time to Talk SENS: Critiquing the Immutability of Human Aging )". ''Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences'' 959: 452–62. PMID 11976218.〕 De Grey called SENS a "goal-directed rather than curiosity-driven"〔Bulkes, Nyssa (March 6, 2006). "(Anti-aging research breakthroughs may add up to 25 years to life )". ''The Northern Star''. Northern Illinois University (DeKalb, USA).〕 approach to the science of aging, and "an effort to expand regenerative medicine into the territory of aging".〔. "(Age-Related Diseases: Medicine's Final Adversary? )". ''Huffington Post Healthy Living''.〕 To this end, SENS identifies seven categories of aging "damage" and a specific regenerative medical proposal for treating each. While many biogerontologists find it "worthy of discussion"〔Pontin, Jason (July 11, 2006). "(Is Defeating Aging Only A Dream? )". ''Technology Review''.〕〔Garreau, Joel (October 31, 2007). "(Invincible Man )". ''Washington Post''.〕 and SENS conferences feature important research in the field,〔Fourth SENS Conference (2009). (Over 140 Accepted Abstracts ). Cambridge, England, September 3–7th, 2009.〕〔Kristen Fortney (2009). (SENS4 Conference Coverage From Ouroboros ). FightAging.org, September 4, 2009.〕 some contend that the ultimate goals of de Grey's programme are too speculative given the current state of technology, referring to it as "fantasy rather than science". ==Framework== The ultimate objective of SENS is the eventual elimination of age-related diseases and infirmity by repeatedly reducing the state of senescence in the organism. The SENS project consists in implementing a series of periodic medical interventions designed to repair, prevent or render irrelevant all the types of molecular and cellular damage that cause age-related pathology and degeneration, in order to avoid debilitation and death from age-related causes.〔 De Grey defines aging as "the set of accumulated side effects from metabolism that eventually kills us", and, more specifically, as follows: "a collection of cumulative changes to the molecular and cellular structure of an adult organism, which result in essential metabolic processes, but which also, once they progress far enough, increasingly disrupt metabolism, resulting in pathology and death."〔de Grey, Aubrey (January 8, 2003). "(An engineer's approach to the development of real anti-aging medicine )". ''Sci Aging Knowledge Environ''. 2003 (1): VP1. . PMID 12844502.〕 He adds: "geriatrics is the attempt to stop damage from causing pathology; traditional gerontology is the attempt to stop metabolism from causing damage; and the SENS (engineering) approach is to eliminate the damage periodically, so keeping its abundance below the level that causes any pathology." The SENS approach to biomedical gerontology is thus distinctive because of its emphasis on tissue rejuvenation rather than attempting to slow the aging process. By enumerating the various differences between young and old tissue identified by the science of biogerontology, a 'damage' report was drawn, which in turn formed the basis of the SENS strategy. The results fell into seven main categories of 'damage', seven alterations whose reversal would constitute negligible senescence: # cell loss or atrophy (without replacement),〔〔〔de Grey, Aubrey (2005). "(A strategy for postponing aging indefinitely )". ''Stud Health Technol Inform.'' 118: 209–19. PMID 16301780.〕 # oncogenic nuclear mutations and epimutations,〔de Grey AD, Campbell FC, Dokal I, Fairbairn LJ, Graham GJ, Jahoda CA, Porterg AC (June 2004). (Total deletion of ''in vivo'' telomere elongation capacity: an ambitious but possibly ultimate cure for all age-related human cancers ). ''Ann N Y Acad Sci''. 1019: 147–70. . PMID 15247008.〕〔de Grey, Aubrey (September 1, 2005). "(Whole-body interdiction of lengthening of telomeres: a proposal for cancer prevention )". ''Frontiers in Bioscience''. 10: 2420–29. PMID 15970505.〕〔de Grey, Aubrey (July–August 2007). "(Protagonistic pleiotropy: Why cancer may be the only pathogenic effect of accumulating nuclear mutations and epimutations in aging )". ''Mech Ageing Dev''. 128 (7–8): 456–59. . PMID 17588643.〕 # cell senescence (Death-resistant cells),〔de Grey, Aubrey (February 2003). "(Challenging but essential targets for genuine anti-ageing drugs )". ''Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets''. 7 (1): 1–5. . PMID 12556198.〕〔de Grey, Aubrey (November 2006). "(Foreseeable pharmaceutical repair of age-related extracellular damage )". ''Curr Drug Targets''. 7 (11): 1469–77. ISSN 1389–4501. PMID 17100587.〕 # mitochondrial mutations,〔de Grey, Aubrey (Fall 2004). "(Mitochondrial Mutations in Mammalian Aging: An Over-Hasty About-Turn? )" ''Rejuvenation Res''. 7 (3): 171–4. . PMID 15588517.〕〔de Grey, Aubrey (September 2000). "(Mitochondrial gene therapy: an arena for the biomedical use of inteins )". ''Trends Biotechnol''. 18 (9): 394–99. ". PMID 10942964.〕 # Intracellular junk or junk inside cells (lysosomal aggregates),〔de Grey, Aubrey (November 2002). "(Bioremediation meets biomedicine: therapeutic translation of microbial catabolism to the lysosome )". ''Trends Biotechnol''. 20 (11): 452–5. . PMID 12413818.〕〔de Grey AD, Alvarez PJJ, Brady RO, Cuervo AM, Jerome WG, McCarty PL, Nixon RA, Rittmann BE, Sparrow JR (August 2005). "(Medical bioremediation: prospects for the application of microbial catabolic diversity to aging and several major age-related diseases )". ''Ageing Research Reviews''. 4 (3): 315–38. . PMID 16040282.〕 # extracellular junk or junk outside cells (extracellular aggregates),〔〔 # random extracellular cross-linking.〔〔 For each of these areas SENS offers at least one strategy, with a research and a clinical component. The clinical component is required because in some of the proposed therapies, feasibility has already been proven, but not completely applied and approved for human trials. These strategies do not presuppose that the underlying metabolic mechanisms of aging be fully understood, only that we take into account the form senescence takes as directly observable to science, and described in scientific literature.. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Strategies for Engineered Negligible Senescence」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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